初三英語上冊知識(shí)點(diǎn)：語法時(shí)態(tài)(2)

　　語法：被動(dòng)語態(tài)

　　1．英語中動(dòng)詞有兩種語態(tài)：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)

　　主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作的承受者。

　　當(dāng)我們強(qiáng)調(diào)誰是某個(gè)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，即"誰做了某種事情"時(shí)，用主動(dòng)語態(tài)。

　　eg: Daniel bought a new computer   丹尼爾買了一臺(tái)新電腦。（不是別人）

　　如果主語不是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，而是動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，就是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

　　eg: A new computer was bought by Daniel   一臺(tái)新電腦被丹尼爾買了。

　　被動(dòng)語態(tài)的謂語由be + 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成，其中be是助動(dòng)詞，隨時(shí)態(tài)改變。

　　一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)由"am / is / are ＋動(dòng)詞的過去分詞"構(gòu)成。

　　一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)由"was / were ＋動(dòng)詞的過去分詞"構(gòu)成。

　　2．被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法：

　　當(dāng)不知道或沒必要說明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

　　eg:  Rice is grown in South China. 華南種植水稻。（沒必要說明是誰種）

　　This bridge was built 100 years ago.  這座橋是100年前建的。（不知道誰建的）

　　Passive voice with 'by'

　　在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中，如果我們也要把動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者表達(dá)出來的話，我們就在被動(dòng)句子的后面，用 "by+動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者（賓格）"來表示。

　　e.g.  Jack broke the window. （主動(dòng)語態(tài)）

　　The window was broken by Jack.  （被動(dòng)語態(tài)）  窗戶是被杰克打碎的。

　　Meals are cooked by her mother at home.  在家飯是她母親燒的。

　　The book was written by him several years ago. 這本書是他幾年前寫的。

　　3．難點(diǎn)：

　　1）. 當(dāng)一個(gè)含有復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)）的句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)， 只能把賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語，賓補(bǔ)還放在原來的位置。

　　e.g.  We call him Xiao Wang.---  He is called Xiao Wang.

　　He cut his hair short.---  His hair was cut short.

　　2）. 帶雙賓語的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)， 常常把間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語；如果直接賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語時(shí)，間接賓語前要加介詞to或 for.

　　e.g.  Someone gave the boy an apple.-- The boy was given an apple.

　　An apple was given to the boy.

　　His mother bought a present for him.---  He was bought a present.

　　A present was bought for him.

　　3）. 在let, hear, watch, see, help, have 等詞的句子中，主動(dòng)語態(tài)不加to, 被動(dòng)語態(tài)要加 to.

　　e.g. The boss makes us work 12 hours a day.--- We are made to work 12 hours a day.

　　They heard the children sing that morning.--- The children were heard to sing that morning.

　�、葜苯右�語是祈使句，根據(jù)說話語氣變成ask/tell/order warn sb. to do sth.的結(jié)構(gòu)。例：

　　She said to me, "Stand up."→

　　She asked me to stand up.

　　Father said to his son, "Don't play football in the street."→

　　Father told his son not to play football in the street.

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