英語(yǔ)閱讀難句分析之倒裝句
英語(yǔ)句子通常有兩種語(yǔ)序，一種是自然語(yǔ)序(Natural Order)，又稱正裝語(yǔ)序，另一種便是本章要介紹的倒裝語(yǔ)序(Inverted Order)。
從形式上分，倒裝有兩種：全部倒裝(Full Inversion)和部分倒裝(Partial Inversion)。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞全部位于主語(yǔ)之前的稱作全部倒裝，例如：In front of me stood a boy. (我面前站著一個(gè)男孩。)只將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一部分(通常是助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)放在主語(yǔ)之前的稱作部分倒裝，例如：Only in this way can we do it better. (只有這樣，我們才能做得更好一些)從使用目的區(qū)分，倒裝也有兩種情況，即語(yǔ)法倒裝(Grammatical Inversion)和修辭倒裝(Rhetorical Inversion)。語(yǔ)法倒裝是由于語(yǔ)法規(guī)則的要求而必須進(jìn)行的倒裝，例如：Who called me just now?(剛才誰(shuí)打給我?)修辭倒裝是出于修辭的需要而把正常語(yǔ)序轉(zhuǎn)為倒裝語(yǔ)序，例如：Out rushed the children.(孩子們沖了出去)H?Fowler歸納倒裝的原因有九種，即疑問(wèn)、命令、驚嘆、假設(shè)、平衡、銜接、點(diǎn)題(signpost)、否定和韻律(metrical)。這并不完全，還應(yīng)加上強(qiáng)調(diào)和為使描寫更加生動(dòng)兩種。在英語(yǔ)中，倒裝句俯拾即是，用得非常普遍，但漢語(yǔ)卻很少用，所以在翻譯倒裝句時(shí)，仍應(yīng)按原文詞序翻譯，并照顧漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣，以保持譯文句子結(jié)構(gòu)流暢、勻稱。本章只列舉在閱讀文章中常遇到的倒裝現(xiàn)象，以使考生熟悉英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)序上的差異。
1. Jack London poured into his writings all the pain of his life,the fierce hatred of the bourgeoisie that it had produced in him,and the conviction it had brought to him that the world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters.
第一層：Jack London 主 poured 謂 into his writings 狀 all the pain 賓 of his life,定 the fierce hatred 賓 of the bourgeoisie 定 that it had produced in him ,定語(yǔ)從句1 and 連 the conviction 賓 it had brought to him 定語(yǔ)從句2 that the world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise 同位語(yǔ)從句 up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters .
第二層：(定語(yǔ)從句1)that 引 it 主 had produced 謂 in him 狀
(定語(yǔ)從句2)it 主 had brought to 謂 him 間賓
(同位語(yǔ)從句)that 引 the world 主 could be made 謂 a better place 賓 to live in 定 if the exploited would rise up and take the man- 狀語(yǔ)從句 agement of society out of the hands of the exploiters.
第三層：(狀語(yǔ)從句)if 引 the exploited 主 would rise up 謂 and 連 take 謂 the management 賓 of society 定 out of the hands of the exploiters 狀
要點(diǎn) 本句為倒裝句。如果賓語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)或賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜，往往將賓語(yǔ)后置，采用倒裝語(yǔ)序，以使句子保持平衡。本句的賓語(yǔ)由三個(gè)并列的名詞構(gòu)成，且第二和第三個(gè)名詞后又帶有限定性定語(yǔ)從句，故采用倒裝語(yǔ)序，將動(dòng)詞poured的賓語(yǔ)放在狀語(yǔ)into his writings之后。all the pain……，the fierce hatred……和the conviction……是poured的三個(gè)并列的賓語(yǔ);其中，第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾hatred,it had brought to him修飾conviction,在該定語(yǔ)從句中其關(guān)系代詞作賓語(yǔ)而被省略;第二個(gè)that從句則是conviction的同位語(yǔ)從句。
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