主從復(fù)合句的用法
1、概念
主從復(fù)合句由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成。主句為句子的主體,從句只用作句子的一個(gè)次要成分,不能獨(dú)立成為一個(gè)句子。
從句通常由關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo),并由關(guān)聯(lián)詞將從句和主句聯(lián)系在一起。
如：
While the grandparents love the children, they are strict with them.(爺爺奶奶們很愛孩子,同時(shí)對(duì)他們也嚴(yán)格要求。)
It seemed as if the meeting would never end.(看起來(lái)會(huì)議沒完沒了。)
Hurry up, or (else) you'll be late.(快點(diǎn), 要不然就來(lái)不及了。)
However I cook eggs, the child still refuses to eat them.(不管我用什么方法煮雞蛋,小孩還是不肯吃。)
2、分類
從句按其在復(fù)合句中的作用,分為主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句等。(參見以下各條)
3、各從句在句子中的位置以及用法
(1) 表語(yǔ)從句
在句子中作連系動(dòng)詞的表語(yǔ)的從句,它位于主句中的系動(dòng)詞之后。
例如：That is why he did not come to school yesterday. / It is because you are so clever.
(2) 賓語(yǔ)從句
在句子中作及物動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)。
①基本形式：(主句+)連詞+從句主語(yǔ)+從句謂語(yǔ)+...
② 關(guān)于賓語(yǔ)從句連詞的選擇：
若從句來(lái)源于一個(gè)陳述句,那么,連詞用that,在口語(yǔ)中that可以省略;
若從句來(lái)源于一個(gè)一般疑問(wèn)句,連詞則用if 或whether;
若從句來(lái)源于一個(gè)特殊疑問(wèn)句,則連詞就是疑問(wèn)詞(如what,who,where,when等)
例如：They believe that the computer will finally take the place of human beings.(他們相信計(jì)算機(jī)終將代替人類。) (從句本來(lái)就是陳述句)/ I wonder whether I should say something for him to the headmaster. (我不知道是不是該為他在校長(zhǎng)跟前說(shuō)點(diǎn)什么。) (從句來(lái)源于一般問(wèn)句Shall I say something for him to the headmaster?) / He asked me where he could get such medicine. (他問(wèn)我在哪兒能搞到那樣的藥。) (從句來(lái)源于特殊問(wèn)句Where can he get such medicine? )
③ 賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題：如果主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句則用現(xiàn)在某一時(shí)態(tài),甚至可以用過(guò)去時(shí);
如主句是過(guò)去時(shí),從句則相應(yīng)地使用過(guò)去某一時(shí)態(tài),遇到客觀真理時(shí)仍然用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：I think I will do better in English this term. (我想本學(xué)期我的英語(yǔ)會(huì)學(xué)得好點(diǎn)。) / The teacher asked the boy if the earth is round. (老師問(wèn)那個(gè)男孩地球是不是圓的。)
④ 下列結(jié)構(gòu)后面的從句一般也作為賓語(yǔ)從句看待：
be sorry / afraid / sure / glad +that從句,如：I’m sorry I’m late. (對(duì)不起,我遲到了。) / I’m afraid he isn’t in at the moment. (恐怕他此刻不在家。)
(3) 狀語(yǔ)從句
在復(fù)合句中作狀語(yǔ),其位置可以在主句前或主句后。狀語(yǔ)從句可以分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、比較、讓步、條件等幾種。狀語(yǔ)從句由從屬連接詞引導(dǎo)。
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句通常由when ,as ,while, after, before, since, as soon as ,since, till (until), while, whenever 等引導(dǎo)。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句一般放在句首或句尾,特別注意,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句不允許使用將來(lái)時(shí),而應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在時(shí)替代。如： When you finish the work, you may go out to play with Sam. (你完成工作就可以出去和Jim一起玩了。) / I won’t leave until Mum comes back. (媽媽回來(lái)了我才會(huì)走。)
地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句通常由 where, wherever等引導(dǎo)。如：Go back where you came from! (哪里來(lái)還滾到哪里去!) / I will never forget to catch the thief who stole my necklace wherever he may be. (我永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)忘記去抓住那個(gè)偷我項(xiàng)鏈的賊,無(wú)論他會(huì)在哪里。)
原因狀語(yǔ)從句通常由because, since, as等引導(dǎo),一般放在句首或句尾。如：He went abroad because his father had found a good university for him. (他出國(guó)了,因?yàn)樗赣H給他找了一所好大學(xué)。)
目的狀語(yǔ)從句通常由so that..., so...hat..., in order that... 等引導(dǎo),往往放在句尾,從句中通常含有can / could / may / might等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如：He got up earlier so that he could catch the first train. (他起身更早為的是趕上第一班車。)
結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句通常由 so that..., so...that... 等引導(dǎo),放在句尾。結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句一般表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情,故多為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。如：He lost so many bikes that he decided never to buy a new one. (他丟了那么多輛自行車,他決定再也不買新車了。)
比較狀語(yǔ)從句通常由as, than, as (so)...as等引導(dǎo),一般省略從句的謂語(yǔ)部分,只剩下名詞或代詞(用主格或賓格均可)。如：Jane is much taller than I/me. (Jane比我高多了。) / I don’t have as many books as you (do). (我書沒有你多)
讓步狀語(yǔ)從句通常由though (although), as, even if( even though), however, whatever等引導(dǎo)。如：Even if you pay the debt(債務(wù)) for me, I will not thank you because it has nothing to do with me. (即使你替我還了債我也不會(huì)感謝你,因?yàn)樗c我毫無(wú)關(guān)系。) / He wears a T-shirt though it is very cold. (他穿了一件T恤衫,盡管天很冷。)
條件狀語(yǔ)從句通常由if, unless, as long as等引導(dǎo),條件狀語(yǔ)從句一般放在句首或句尾,特別注意,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句不允許使用將來(lái)時(shí),而應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在時(shí)替代。You will certainly fail in the coming final exams unless you work much harder. (即將來(lái)到的期末考試你肯定考不及格,除非你更用功。) / If it doesn’ t rain tomorrow, we shall go hiking. (如果明天不下雨我們就要去徒步旅行。)
[注意]
1、because與so;(al)though與but;if與so不可以同在一個(gè)句子中成對(duì)出現(xiàn)。
2、時(shí)間、條件、原因,讓步狀語(yǔ)從句放在句首時(shí)需要用逗號(hào)與主句隔開。
(4) 定語(yǔ)從句
在復(fù)合句中作定語(yǔ)用修飾句子中某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。
① 定語(yǔ)從句的位置：放在名詞或代詞的后面。如：The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle. (手上抓了一把雨傘的人是我的叔叔。)
② 語(yǔ)法術(shù)語(yǔ)的改變：被修飾的名詞或代詞稱為先行詞;引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的連接詞稱為關(guān)系詞,其中that、which、who稱為關(guān)系代詞,where、when、how稱為關(guān)系副詞。
③ 關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞的作用：
關(guān)系代詞who、whom 和whose指人,分別在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。which指物that多指物, 有時(shí)也指人,它們?cè)趶木渲锌梢宰髦髡Z(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞作從句賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略。This is the thief (that/who/whom) we have been looking for these days. (這個(gè)就是我們近日一直在找的小偷。) / Please find a room which is big enough for all of us to live in. (請(qǐng)找一間足夠大能住下我們?nèi)w的房間。)
關(guān)系副詞when或where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),它們?cè)趶木渲蟹謩e作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。如：This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago. (這是一個(gè)星期前他們吵架的房間。) / I can never forget the day when I first saw you. (我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記第一次見到你的日子。)
④ 限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。限制性定語(yǔ)從句在句中不能省略,否則主句意思就不完整。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句和主句之間往往用逗號(hào)分開,這種從句是一種附加說(shuō)明,如果從句子中省去,也不致于影響主句的意思。如：She spent the whole evening talking about her latest book, which none of us had heard of. (她一個(gè)晚上都在談?wù)撍罱臅?我們一個(gè)人都沒有聽說(shuō)過(guò)那本書。)
[注解]
1、關(guān)系代詞只能用that的情況：當(dāng)先行詞是指事物的不定代詞(all, anything等),或先行詞部分含有最高級(jí),或含有序數(shù)詞時(shí),不能用其他的關(guān)系代詞,只能用that. 如：All that Lily told me seems untrue. (Lily告訴我的話似乎不真實(shí)。) / Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside? (能不能給我點(diǎn)里面沒有糖的東西?) / This is the first two-story bus that runs in our city. (這是第一輛運(yùn)行于我市的雙層公交車。)
2、關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)一般用who(指人)、that(指物),而不用that指人或用which指物。 如：Do you know the woman who is weeping in the corner? (你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)在角落里哭泣的女人嗎?) / Do not tell me any words that have nothing to do with me. (跟我無(wú)關(guān)的話,請(qǐng)一個(gè)字也不要說(shuō)。)
3、關(guān)系代詞作從句的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),常用which或whom,較少使用that或who,而且,關(guān)系代詞常常省略。如：Tom’s father was the first parent whom our teacher talked to. (Tom的父親是我們老師第一個(gè)談話的人。)
4、當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞緊跟在介詞后面時(shí),必須用which或whom,而當(dāng)介詞移到句尾時(shí),則又可以使用that或who. 如：This is the room in which Miss Li once lived. (= This is the room Miss Li once lived in.) (這是李小姐曾經(jīng)居住過(guò)的房間。)
(5) 主語(yǔ)從句
在句子中充當(dāng)句子主語(yǔ)的從句叫主語(yǔ)從句。位于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前。通常由that,whether以及疑問(wèn)連詞引導(dǎo)。一般情況下,常用it替代主語(yǔ)從句,而將主語(yǔ)從句移到句尾。如：When we should start is still a question. (我們?cè)撛谑裁磿r(shí)候開始還是個(gè)問(wèn)題呢。)
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