2023年初中英語閱讀理解專題（二）

閱讀理解也是中考英語題的必考題目之一，本題型旨在考查學(xué)生閱讀，理解的能力，幾年來，中考英語題中的閱讀理解材料新，題材豐富，考查學(xué)生綜合推斷能力，根據(jù)語篇猜單詞意思的能力的力度加大，也考查學(xué)生關(guān)注細(xì)節(jié)的能力。所以學(xué)生往往要么沒能正確理解語篇中某些句子的意思，在細(xì)節(jié)題上丟分，要么就是對(duì)語篇的整體把握不夠，在綜合題或者推斷題方面丟分。那么到底怎么做好閱讀理解這一題型呢?我將從以下三個(gè)方面談?wù)撨@個(gè)問題：

一、解題思路

(一)先讀問題，弄清考查要點(diǎn)，以便能帶著問題看文章，這樣會(huì)心中有數(shù)，有的放矢。在讀題的時(shí)候劃出題目的關(guān)鍵詞。(二)快速瀏覽全文，掌握全貌，注意發(fā)現(xiàn)與問題有關(guān)的信息，如果時(shí)間緊，至少要掃視一下起首段和尾段。再把標(biāo)題和文章內(nèi)容結(jié)合起來想一想，這樣全文大意便清楚了。此時(shí)，不要忙于答題。

(三)細(xì)讀原文，捕捉相關(guān)信息詞，掌握短文細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容。這是解題的關(guān)鍵，應(yīng)特別注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1. 抓住四個(gè)"W"和一個(gè)"H"，就是邊讀邊用鉛筆做些標(biāo)記，把What (事件)，When(時(shí)間)，Where(地點(diǎn))，Why(原因)，How(經(jīng)過)劃出來。抓住了四個(gè)“W”和一個(gè)“H”，就抓住了文章的全貌，一些直接性的問題便可解決。2.抓住連接詞及起關(guān)鍵作用的副詞、代詞、介詞、插入語等。因?yàn)檫@些詞具有因果，讓步，遞進(jìn)，轉(zhuǎn)折，指代，列舉及承上啟下等各種連接上下文的特殊功能。這對(duì)考生分清文章層次，辨明各種關(guān)系，了解人物心理，推斷作者意圖，進(jìn)行邏輯推理等手段來分析難點(diǎn)，都具有舉足輕重的作用。3. 注意領(lǐng)會(huì)文章的寓意。

4.根據(jù)題意，初選答案。這一步須仔細(xì)審題，領(lǐng)會(huì)測(cè)試要求，確定解題方法。對(duì)那些明顯的，有把握的題可以斷然確定，不必把其余三個(gè)答案再作推敲而浪費(fèi)時(shí)間：有些略難的題，應(yīng)再查閱短文(不是重讀一遍)，迅速找出依據(jù)，予以排除。常用的解題方法有如下幾種：① 直接解題法。即從原文中直接找出答案。② 歸納解題法。對(duì)于不能從原文中直接找出答案的可在把握全文中心和線索的前題下進(jìn)行概括、歸納得出正確答案。

③ 綜合推理法。讀者需統(tǒng)觀全文，認(rèn)真分析，綜合推理及至計(jì)算，最后歸納出正確答案。題干中有"suggest, conclude, conclusion, probably, reason, because, according to“等字眼時(shí)，屬于推斷概括型，考查內(nèi)容著眼于全篇，考生應(yīng)具備一定的分析歸納，推理等邏輯思維能力。④ 捕捉關(guān)鍵詞。在閱讀時(shí)應(yīng)該注意與問題相關(guān)的同義詞，近義詞，反義詞或同位詞等信息詞來得出正確答案。⑤同意轉(zhuǎn)換法。即原文這么說，而在問題和所選項(xiàng)中則用另外的詞去轉(zhuǎn)換一種說法，但仍表示同一含義。⑥ 排除法。根據(jù)語言，句法結(jié)構(gòu)，信息詞和常識(shí)，在沒有把握的選項(xiàng)中用排除法得出正確答案。

四、重讀原文，仔細(xì)斟酌核對(duì)答案。在解完最后一道題后，如果時(shí)間允許，再將原文讀一遍;用全文的主題思想統(tǒng)率各思考題，研究其內(nèi)在聯(lián)系和邏輯關(guān)系，目的在于對(duì)所做答案進(jìn)一步審查，推出未解答的題，以便減少失誤。

二．閱讀理解題型及解題技巧

從近幾年的中考閱讀理解情況看，短文體裁多樣，題材各異，文章涉及科學(xué)知識(shí)、社會(huì)文化、政治歷史、人文環(huán)境和日常生活等方面，充分體現(xiàn)其時(shí)代性、實(shí)用性。短文難度逐年加大。常見題型有主旨題、細(xì)節(jié)題、推斷題、猜測(cè)詞義題和正誤判斷題。

做閱讀理解練習(xí)應(yīng)先看問題，弄清考點(diǎn)。在閱讀短文之前，快速瀏覽問題，以便在閱讀短文時(shí)做到心中有數(shù)，快速、準(zhǔn)確地捕捉所要信息。先易后難。做題時(shí)不必拘泥于書中所呈現(xiàn)的語篇順序，應(yīng)遵循先易后難的原則。如可先做細(xì)節(jié)題再做推斷題，因?yàn)榧?xì)節(jié)題大多能直接從文中找到答案，而推斷題則需對(duì)短文進(jìn)行深層理解，再作判斷。

(一)主旨題

此類題型用以考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章主題或中心思想的領(lǐng)會(huì)和理解能力。其中一類題型為主旨問題。

1、主旨大意題題干常見的問句形式

1)主旨句設(shè)問類型What is the main idea of this passage?What does the passage maily talk about?We can conclude / learn from the passage that ……

2)最佳標(biāo)題選擇類型The best title for this passage is ……

3)作者主旨意圖類型What does the writer want to tell us?Which can express the purpose of the writer according to the passage?

2、主旨大意題的解題方法

主旨大意題一定要注意文章的首尾兩段。如果首尾兩段的主旨表達(dá)是一致的，那么文章的主旨便是兩段重復(fù)表明的語句內(nèi)容表達(dá)。找出選項(xiàng)中與歸納的主旨表達(dá)重復(fù)最多的選項(xiàng)即為最佳答案。如果首尾兩段的主旨表達(dá)不一致，則需要觀察文章的段落篇幅量是傾向于首段或是尾段，從而確定主旨段落。在此過程中，觀察篇幅量只需跳讀文章段落的首句尾句即可，無需細(xì)讀段落內(nèi)容，以節(jié)省時(shí)間。如果文章只有一段，則注意文章的首兩句及尾句，然后用以上的方法確定主旨句。

此外，標(biāo)題選擇即為主旨句的壓縮表達(dá)，注意抓住主旨句進(jìn)行主要詞匯的提煉，把一個(gè)句子提煉為幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞，即是對(duì)主旨大意進(jìn)行概括歸納的標(biāo)題。而作者意圖表達(dá)必須通過歸納中心主題才能找到，通常體現(xiàn)為advise，convince，present，purpose，warn等。

(二)細(xì)節(jié)題

1、細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題題干常見的問句形式

1)True or NOT true 是非判斷類型Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage? Which of the following statements is NOT true? Which of the following is NOT considered as……? According to the passage， which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the reasons for……?

2)特殊疑問詞提問類型

How many……?What/who/when/where/how/why……?

3)排序題類型Which of the orders is correct according to the passage?

4)例證題類型The author gives the example in……paragraph in order to ……

5) 表唯一細(xì)節(jié)概念題類型：……the most / ~est …………the only ……

2、細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題的解題方法：

做這類題的一般方法是先要找出題干或是選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵字，一般為數(shù)字、大寫或人名地名，再通過scanning快速確定該細(xì)節(jié)在文中的出處(信息源)，仔細(xì)對(duì)照題干要求，排除或選擇。命題者在出這類題時(shí)慣用“偷梁換柱、張冠李戴”的手法來迷惑考生，即對(duì)原句細(xì)微處做改動(dòng)，截取原文詞語或結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行改造，因果倒置，把A的觀點(diǎn)說成B的觀點(diǎn)等。所以正確理解題干和信息句的意義是關(guān)鍵。細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題還要十分注意句子的非主干成分，如定語、狀語、補(bǔ)語等，這些成分都是出題者常進(jìn)行誤導(dǎo)的落腳點(diǎn)。

是非判斷一般都遵循對(duì)照選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行“三對(duì)一錯(cuò)或三錯(cuò)一對(duì)”的判斷。若該信息句是長句或難句，要學(xué)會(huì)找出其主干部分，分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，正確理解信息句的意義。一定要注意的是，要所答是所問，不要受到慣勢(shì)思維的影響，習(xí)慣性地去選擇正確的細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)，切記要弄清問題，不要所答非所問。

例證題一定要注意以for example……，such as……等關(guān)鍵入手處，找出細(xì)節(jié)出處。排序題要先仔細(xì)觀察選項(xiàng)，找出首尾相同的選項(xiàng)分組，進(jìn)而通過具體細(xì)節(jié)信息比較進(jìn)行排除和選擇。唯一細(xì)節(jié)題一定要仔細(xì)審題，弄清題干所需。特別需要提醒的是，選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)有most (最高級(jí))、the only(唯一)、all(所有)、none(全否)修飾的細(xì)節(jié)，都具有絕對(duì)性，選擇判斷時(shí)要慎選。

(三)推斷題

此類題的關(guān)鍵是要注意原文出現(xiàn)的語句不是我們做出的推理判斷，而是原文給出的細(xì)節(jié)信息，所以原文語句不能選。判斷時(shí)對(duì)已知的事實(shí)仔細(xì)評(píng)價(jià)后做出的合理決定并非唯一決定，要對(duì)事實(shí)進(jìn)行合乎情理的判斷，有時(shí)還需借助常識(shí)進(jìn)行判斷。

推理判斷題分兩種，即對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)的推理和對(duì)主旨的推理。主要以We can infer / imply / learn from this passage that ……等進(jìn)行提問。解決此類題要注意，一是與原文相同的細(xì)節(jié)不能選，二是文中沒有出現(xiàn)的細(xì)節(jié)不能跳出文章做推斷。解題過程中只要注意上述兩點(diǎn)，再結(jié)合做細(xì)節(jié)和主旨的方法，即可以做出推理判斷題。

(四)猜測(cè)詞義題

猜測(cè)詞義題主要考查學(xué)生根據(jù)上下文正確判斷靈活變化的詞義能力。一般情況下，推斷詞義的題目中所出現(xiàn)的單詞，大多數(shù)是學(xué)生未曾見過的生詞，學(xué)生需要在該詞出現(xiàn)的上下文中去尋找線索。通過閱讀上下文，斷定該詞的真正含義，然后將這個(gè)釋義代入文中，檢查是否貼切，仔細(xì)比較直到得出該詞的確切的含義。

1.通過因果關(guān)系猜詞

通過因果關(guān)系猜詞，首先是找出生詞與上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系，然后才能猜詞。有時(shí)文章借助關(guān)聯(lián)詞(如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等等)表示前因后果。例如：

You shouldn't have blamed him for that，for it wasn't his fault.通過for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的錯(cuò))，可猜出blame的詞義是"責(zé)備"。

2.通過同義詞和反義詞的關(guān)系猜詞

通過同義詞猜詞，一是要看由and或or連接的同義詞詞組，如happy and gay，即使我們不認(rèn)識(shí)gay這個(gè)詞，也可以知道它是愉快的意思;二是看在進(jìn)一步解釋的過程中使用的同義詞，如Man has known something about the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help of spaceships.此句中的Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均為生詞，但只要知道planets就可猜出這幾個(gè)詞都屬于"行星"這一義域。通過反義詞猜詞，一是看表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞或副詞，如but，while，however等;二是看與not搭配的或表示否定意義的詞語，如：He is so homely，not at all as handsome as his brother.根據(jù)not at all...handsome我們不難推測(cè)出homely的意思，即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。

3.通過構(gòu)詞法猜詞

在閱讀文章時(shí)，我們總會(huì)遇上一些新詞匯，有時(shí)很難根據(jù)上下文來推斷其詞意，而它們對(duì)文章的理解又有著舉足輕重的作用，此時(shí)，如掌握了一些常用的詞根、前綴、后綴等語法知識(shí)，這些問題便不難解決了。

4.通過定義或釋義關(guān)系來推測(cè)詞義

例如：But sometimes，no rain falls for a long，long time. Then there is a dry period，or drought.

從drought所在句子的上文我們得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的時(shí)期，即drought，由此可見drought意思為"久旱"，"旱災(zāi)"。而a dry period和drought是同義語。這種同義或釋義關(guān)系常由is，or，that is，in other words，be called或破折號(hào)等來表示。

5.通過句法功能來推測(cè)詞義

例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生詞，我們可以從這兩個(gè)詞在句中所處的位置來判斷它們大致的意思。從句中不難看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同類關(guān)系，同屬fruit類，因此它們是兩樣水果，準(zhǔn)確地說，是菠蘿和椰子。

6.通過描述猜詞

描述即作者為幫助讀者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而對(duì)該人或該物作出的外在相貌或內(nèi)在特征的描寫。例如：The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly，it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.從例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一種生活在南極的鳥類。后面更詳盡地描述了該鳥類的生活習(xí)性。

三、做閱讀理解題型的注意事項(xiàng)

1、試題各小題所提供的四個(gè)備選項(xiàng)，有的是語法、結(jié)構(gòu)上有錯(cuò)誤，有的是與短文意思不相符。解題時(shí)要把有結(jié)構(gòu)、語法錯(cuò)誤的先排除，再考慮是否符合短文內(nèi)容。

2、對(duì)短文中的生詞或看不懂的句子，應(yīng)大膽根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法及上、下文意思進(jìn)行猜測(cè)，尤其對(duì)涉及文中某個(gè)詞或某個(gè)句子含義的選擇試題，要根據(jù)文章所闡述的主要內(nèi)容及上、下文內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系，大膽分析推斷，去偽存真選出正確答案。

3、對(duì)于涉及文章主旨、大意、作者意圖及短文標(biāo)題等選擇試題，雖然短文中沒有直接說明，可統(tǒng)觀全文，通過短文所提供的材料或聯(lián)想短文材料以外的常識(shí)，如結(jié)合已學(xué)過的自然、社會(huì)科學(xué)知識(shí)加以綜合理解、分析推測(cè)或按作者的思路進(jìn)行推理，從而且推斷出正確答案。

4、做選擇試題時(shí)一般先做在文中能直接找到依據(jù)的細(xì)節(jié)題，后做主旨題、推理題。這樣在對(duì)語篇有更多領(lǐng)悟的基礎(chǔ)上再進(jìn)行推理判斷和概括總結(jié)，把握性就更大。

5、閱讀的順序一般是先讀短文，再看題目，然后逐題作答。若文章較長，也可以先將測(cè)試題目通覽一遍，然后帶著問題閱讀文章。這樣對(duì)與答題有關(guān)的段落、句子反應(yīng)敏感，而對(duì)其他與答題無關(guān)的部分可以不必花費(fèi)太多時(shí)間，閱讀速度就可加快些。

四、“先題后文”做題時(shí)應(yīng)注意

1. 先讀題時(shí)只能是讀其問題或題干，而不能讀問題后的選項(xiàng)，否則不僅浪費(fèi)時(shí)間，而且也無法記住眾多答案所表達(dá)的眾多信息。

2. 在讀題之后，要把這些問題記在心里，并帶著這些問題去閱讀短文，關(guān)于這一點(diǎn)考生是要經(jīng)過反復(fù)的訓(xùn)練才能形成能力的，因?yàn)槎涛暮蟮倪@些問題本身所表達(dá)的信息并不象短文那樣有情節(jié)，也不象短文那樣連貫，所以有不少同學(xué)在開始試用這種方法時(shí)，往往先讀了題之后(尤其是當(dāng)問題較多時(shí))再讀短文時(shí)，又忘記是什么問題了。

3. 帶著問題讀短文時(shí)，對(duì)短文中出現(xiàn)的那些與問題有關(guān)的詞句，你可以用一支鉛筆在短文中作些記號(hào)，以便為下一步選擇作好準(zhǔn)備，但也要注意不要每讀到一個(gè)與問題有關(guān)的信息點(diǎn)就停下來去對(duì)照后面的問題，因?yàn)檫@樣轉(zhuǎn)來轉(zhuǎn)去要耽誤一些時(shí)間，另一方面有些問題往往要通過對(duì)短文的全面了解才能作出結(jié)論，而不能僅僅從一、二個(gè)信息點(diǎn)作出判斷。

4. 帶著問題讀完短文之后，接著便是選擇理解題的答案。雖然你是帶著問題去閱讀短文的，但也并不是說你在閱讀時(shí)帶去的問題全部得到了答案，也可能有些還沒有把握(尤其是一些主觀理解題)，這時(shí)你同樣要帶著這些“疑題”去跳讀短文(具體做法參見上面的“先文后題”的有關(guān)說明)。

五、如何猜測(cè)閱讀理解題中的生詞詞義

詞匯是閱讀理解的基礎(chǔ)的基礎(chǔ)。我們必須掌握教材中所學(xué)所有的單詞和詞組;了解構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)，如熟記一些常見的前綴、后綴，以及詞語的合成和轉(zhuǎn)化等;并且要進(jìn)行大量的課外閱讀擴(kuò)大自己的詞匯量。要閱讀需要一定的詞匯量，同時(shí)在大量閱讀的同時(shí)不僅可以復(fù)習(xí)學(xué)過的詞匯而且還可擴(kuò)大自己的詞匯量。盡管如此，在閱讀中還是不可避免會(huì)遇到生詞或者熟詞生義，在英語閱讀理解試題中猜測(cè)詞義也是必不可少的題目，因此，我們必須學(xué)會(huì)如何猜測(cè)詞義。任何一個(gè)詞語，在一定的上下文中只能表示一個(gè)確定的詞義。據(jù)此，我們可以盡可能地利用上下文來猜測(cè)詞義，即從已知推求未知，也就是用我們所熟悉的詞或短語來猜測(cè)我們不熟悉的詞的詞義。猜測(cè)詞義時(shí)，我們可以從以下幾個(gè)方面來考慮：

(一)根據(jù)定義或解釋猜測(cè)詞義

A bag is useful and the word “bag” is useful. It gives us some interesting phrases(短語). One is “ to let the cat out of the bag”. It is the same as “to tell a secret”….

Now when someone lets out (泄漏) a secret, he “lets the cat out of the bag.”

John “lets the cat out of the bag” means he ______.

A. makes everyone know a secretB. the woman bout a cat

C. buys a cat in the bagD. sells the cat in the bag

在這篇文章里，“let the cat out of the bag”雖然是一個(gè)新出現(xiàn)的短語，但緊接著后面就給出解釋It is the same as “to tell a secret”根據(jù)這一解釋，我們就可判斷出正確答案應(yīng)為A。

(二)根據(jù)情景和邏輯進(jìn)行判斷

As they go around town, the police help people. Sometimes they find lost children. They take the children home. If the police see a fight, they put an end to it right away. Sometimes people will ask the police how to get to a place in town. The police can always tell the people which way to go. They know all the streets and roads well.

In the text, “put an end to” means “______”.

A. stopB. cutC. killD. fly

根據(jù)文章所提供的情景，如果警察看到有人在打架，他們肯定會(huì)去制止。因?yàn)橹浦勾蚣芏窔�是警察的職�?zé)。根據(jù)這一推理，答案應(yīng)該是A。

(三)根據(jù)并列或同位關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義

There is a place on our earth where hot water and steam come up under the ground. It is on a large island in the Pacific Ocean. The island is North Island in New Zealand.

What does the word “steam” mean in Chinese?

A. 自來水B. 大氣C. 冰川D. 蒸汽

從語法上看，steam和hot water是并列關(guān)系，我們就以斷定這兩種東西是相關(guān)的，是同一類物質(zhì)。在所給第四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有“蒸汽”有這種可能。

(四)根據(jù)背景和常識(shí)判斷

The following morning when I went to see how my captive (caged) bird was doing, I discovered it on the floor of the cage, dead. I was terribly surprised! What had happened! I had taken extremely care of my little bird. Arthur Wayne, the famous ornithologist, who happened to be visiting my father at the time, hearing me crying over the death of my bird, explained what had happened. “A mother mockingbird, finding her young in a cage, will sometimes bring it poison berries(毒莓). She thinks it better for her young to die than to live in captivity.”

An ornithologist is probably a person who ______.

A. studies birdsB. loves creaturesC. majors in habitsD. takes care of trees

Ornithologist 這個(gè)詞從來沒有見到過，但是通過他的語言我們可以判斷出這是一個(gè)對(duì)鳥很有研究的人。我很愛鳥，把鳥裝在籠子里，并細(xì)心照料，而且鳥的母親也飛過來喂這只鳥，但這只鳥卻死了，我很不理解。到我家來的這個(gè)人給我詳細(xì)解釋了鳥死的原因，說明這個(gè)人非常懂鳥。據(jù)此，我們可以斷定答案應(yīng)是A.

六、

利用“主題句”解答中考英語閱讀理解題

閱讀理解比較有效的辦法是找出主題句。一篇文章(或一段文章) 通常都是圍繞一個(gè)中心意思展開的。而這個(gè)中心意思往往由一個(gè)句子來概括。這個(gè)能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主題句。因此，理解一個(gè)段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要學(xué)會(huì)尋找主題句。主題句一般具有三個(gè)特點(diǎn)：(1) 概括性強(qiáng)：表述的意思比較概括。(2) 結(jié)構(gòu)簡單：句子結(jié)構(gòu)較簡單，多數(shù)都不采用長、難句的形式。(3) 受它支撐：段落中其他的句子是用來解釋、支撐或發(fā)展該句所表述的主題思想。在一篇短文或一個(gè)段落中，大部分主題句的位置情況有三種：

(一)主題句在段首或篇首

主題句在段首或篇首的情況相當(dāng)普遍。一般新聞報(bào)道、說明文, 議論文大都采用先總述，后分述的敘事方法。例如：

All living things on the earth need other living things to live. Nothing lives alone. Most animals must live in a group, and even a plant grows close together with others of the same kind. Sometimes one living thing kills another, one eats and the other is eaten. Each kind of life eats another kind of life in order to live, and together they form a food chain(食物鏈)。Some food chains become broken up if one of the links disappears.

第一句即是主題句。這個(gè)句子概括了本段的中心意思：“地球上所有的生物要生存都離不開其他的生物”。后面講述了大量的事實(shí)之后，作者指出：如果這些食物鏈中的一個(gè)鏈環(huán)消失，所有的食物都會(huì)斷掉。所有這些事實(shí)都是圍繞第一個(gè)句子展開的。

(二)主題句在段末或篇末

用歸納法寫文章時(shí)，往往表述細(xì)節(jié)的句子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此結(jié)尾。這種位于段末或篇末的主題句往往是對(duì)前面細(xì)節(jié)的歸納總結(jié)或者所得出的結(jié)論。例如：

If you buy some well-made clothes, you can save money because they can last longer. They look good even after they have been washed many times. Sometimes some clothes cost more money, but it does not mean that they are always better made, or they always fit better. In other words, some less expensive clothes look and fit better than more expensive clothes.

這段文章前面列舉了兩件事實(shí)，最后一句是對(duì)這兩個(gè)事實(shí)的概括：有些價(jià)錢便宜的衣服比價(jià)錢貴的衣服更好看，更合身。段末這個(gè)句子就是主題句。

三、無主題句

有時(shí)，一篇文章里并沒有明顯的主題句。這時(shí)我們應(yīng)該怎樣來確定文章的主題或中心意思呢?其實(shí)這也不難。我們可以首先找出每一段的中心意思，各段的中心意思往往都是圍繞一個(gè)中心來展開的，或者說是來說明一個(gè)問題的。這個(gè)中心或這個(gè)問題就是這篇文章的主題或中心意思。

Killer bees started in Brazil 1957. A scientist in Sao Paulo wanted bees to make more honey(蜂蜜). So he put forty-six African bees with some Brazilian bees. The bees bred(繁殖) and made a new kind of bees. But the new bees were a mistake. They didn’t want to make more honey. They wanted to attack. Then, by accident, twenty-six African bees escaped and bred with the Brazilian bees outside.

Scientists could not control(控制) the problem. The bees increased fast. They went from Brazil to Venezuela. Then they went to Central America. Now they are in North America. They travel about 390 miles a year. Each group of bees grows four times a year. This means one million new groups every five years.?

Why are people afraid of killer bees? People are afraid for two reasons. First, the bees sting(叮) many more times than usual bees. Killer bees can sting sixty times a minute nonstop for two hours. Second, killer bees attack in groups. Four hundred bee stings can kill a person.

Already several hundred people are dead. Now killer bees are in Texas. In a few years they will reach all over the United States. People can do nothing but wait.

這篇短文表面看起來沒有主題句，那末怎樣來確定它的中心意思呢?按照上面的說明，我們先找出每一段的大意：第一段講的是killer bees的產(chǎn)生。第二段講的是 killer bees 的急劇增加。第三段講的是人們害怕 killer bees 的原因。第四段講的是 killer bees 已經(jīng)殺死的人數(shù)和將來的狀況。從這幾段的大意可以看出這篇文章自始至終都是圍繞 killer bees 這一中心展開的。換句話說，killer bees 就是這篇文章的主題。

七、提高初中英語閱讀訓(xùn)練的六種方法

1、講究閱讀方法

(1)依據(jù)主題句定短文的中心：任意一篇文章通常是圍繞一個(gè)中心展開并且由段落組成的;段落之間有著內(nèi)在的緊密聯(lián)系，而表達(dá)段落主題的句子叫主題句，通常置于段落的開頭，有時(shí)在段落末尾和中間;其它的句子是用來說明和闡述主題句的;若把一個(gè)個(gè)主題句加以整理，你能悟出其中心思想，同時(shí)還可以回避、排除個(gè)別生詞、難句(等困難信號(hào))所帶來的干擾，但也有一些文章的中心思想常貫穿在全文中，因而要綜觀全文，對(duì)全文有一個(gè)透徹的理解才行。

如：

My friend Matt and I arrived at the Activity Centre on Friday evening. The accommodation wasn’t wonderful, but we had everything we needed (beds, blankets, food ), and we were pleased to be out of the city and in the fresh air.

On Saturday morning we met the other ten members of our group. Cameron had come along with two friends, Kevin and Simon, while sisters Carole and Lynn had come with Amanda. There were some other members I didn’t know. We had come from different places and none of us knew the area.

We knew we were going to spend the weekend outdoors, but none of us was sure exactly how. Half of us spent the morning caving while the others went rock-climbing and then we changed at lunchtime. Matt and I went to the caves (巖洞) first. Climbing out was harder than going in, but after a good deal of pushing, we were out at last. Though we were covered with mud, we were pleased and excited by what we’d done.

This passage mainly talks about ______________.

A. the writer’s friends at the Activity Center

B. the writer’s experience at the Activity Center

C. outdoor sports at the Activity Center

D. how to go rock-climbing and caving

[參考答案B] 上述這段短文的中心是說明“the writer’s experience at the Activity Center.”。作者以及作者的朋友，還有組上的其他一些成員一起在活動(dòng)中心度周末的一些活動(dòng)以及感受。

(2) 掌握具體事實(shí)和重要細(xì)節(jié)：閱讀文章時(shí)，要求學(xué)生養(yǎng)成辨認(rèn)和記憶具體事實(shí)、重要細(xì)節(jié)的習(xí)慣。因?yàn)榫唧w事實(shí)、重要細(xì)節(jié)是主題句的擴(kuò)展、補(bǔ)充、說明或例證，是用來支持和說明中心思想的，而且是閱讀理解測(cè)試的重要組成部分。

如：If someone asks me: “Do you like music?” I’m sure I will answer him or her: “Of course, I do.” because I think music is an important part of our lives.

Different people have different ideas about music. For me, I like rock music because it’s so exciting. And my favorite rock band, the “Foxy Ladies” (酷妹) is one of the most famous rock bands in the world. I also like pop music. My classmate LiLan loves dance music, because she enjoys dancing. My best friend, Jane, likes jazz music (爵士樂). She thinks jazz is really cool.

“I like dance music and rock very much.” says my brother, “because they are amazing.”

But my mother thinks rock is boring. “I like some relaxing (輕松的) music,” she says. That’s why she likes country music, I think.

①The writer likes music because he thinks ____________.

A. it’s an exciting part of our lives

B. it’s an amazing part of our lives

C. it’s an important part of our lives

②What kind of music does the writer like?

A. Rock and pop music. B. Rock and dance music. C. Jazz and country music.

③Who likes dancing?

A. The writer. B. Li Lan. C. Jane.

④The writer’s mother thinks that country music is __________.

A. amazing B. boring C. relaxing

⑤ How many people’s ideas about music are talked about in this passage (短文)?

A. 4. B. 5. C. 6.

這是幾道重要事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的辨認(rèn)題，全是圍繞短文的主題句“Different people have different ideas about music”來展開說明的，起補(bǔ)充舉例作用。答案分別為 ① C ② A ③ B ④ C ⑤ B。

(3) 運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法、語境線索等幫助來推測(cè)關(guān)鍵詞義：在閱讀文章的過程中，常常會(huì)遇到一些生詞，如果不懂得這些詞義就會(huì)妨礙理解，但大部分生詞的詞義是可以根據(jù)上下文，結(jié)合構(gòu)詞法、借助文章中的語境線索幫助在理解基礎(chǔ)上猜測(cè)其詞義，這有助于加快閱讀速度，提高閱讀理解能力。如：

Water is all around us. Water is in the ocean. Water is in the lakes and rivers. Water is in the air. There is more water than land on the earth. All living things must have it. We must have it, too. We cannot live without drinking water. Sometimes, we do not have all the water that we need. The land will dry up without water. Sometimes, there can be too much water in the land. If it rains very, very hard, the rain water will run down the hill. It takes some of the land with it when it runs down the hills. It is called erosion when the water takes the land away.

“Erosion” in the passage means ____________.

A. 地震 B. 雪崩 C. 侵蝕 D. 霜凍

根據(jù)前面的語句If it rains very, very hard, the rain water will run down the hills. It takes some of the land with it when it runs down the hills.解釋可以推知erosion是一種自然地理現(xiàn)象，即“侵蝕”，答案為C。

2.訓(xùn)練閱讀速度

在閱讀中，我們或多或少會(huì)碰到一些生詞和不熟悉的短語，這些生詞和短語會(huì)妨礙我們對(duì)文章中心的理解，但我們總是查閱詞典也會(huì)影響閱讀的速度。為了不查詞典又能破解生詞詞義，并理解好文章的中心，要求考生根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法判斷詞義。如：This material is unreadable.中 unreadable是生詞。學(xué)生可以根據(jù)詞根 read ，知道 un和 able分別為前綴和后綴，那么 unreadable的意義就不難猜測(cè)了;還可以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生根據(jù)生詞與上下文的關(guān)系來猜測(cè)其意義。生詞所在的句子、段落會(huì)提供很多的暗示和線索，依據(jù)這些暗示和線索就可以理解生詞的詞義了。如：同義詞反義詞線索;解釋性線索;例證性線索;標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)線索等。如：

A. The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.

定語從句中的looks after sheep 就解釋了 herdsman的詞義為“牧人”。

B. Like her younger sister who is gregarious, Alice also likes to make friends.句首的 like(像)這個(gè)語境線索說明：句中的gregarious與 likes to make friends意義相近。

通過這些方式可以幫助學(xué)生加快閱讀速度，進(jìn)一步提高閱讀正確率。

3. 改進(jìn)閱讀方式

(1)預(yù)測(cè)：培養(yǎng)學(xué)生依據(jù)文章標(biāo)題(副標(biāo)題)、插圖以及相關(guān)的背景知識(shí)和社會(huì)生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)，對(duì)文章的大致內(nèi)容預(yù)測(cè)以及可能涉及到的詞匯，然后閱讀文章的第一段，并對(duì)自己的預(yù)測(cè)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證、糾正，同時(shí)抓住主題句、關(guān)鍵詞，從而更好地從整體上去理解和把握文章的中心。

(2)略讀：指導(dǎo)學(xué)生快速瀏覽全文，領(lǐng)會(huì)文章大意，辨析文體，掌握篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，進(jìn)而抓住文章的中心。

3)查讀：指導(dǎo)學(xué)生在瀏覽全文的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行查讀，以回答個(gè)別事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)性的問題。有些細(xì)節(jié)性的問題不能直接在短文中找到答案，必須進(jìn)行必要的綜合、歸納、轉(zhuǎn)換才能獲得，也就是要在直接可獲得的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的基礎(chǔ)上經(jīng)過綜合、歸納、轉(zhuǎn)換間接地獲得所需要的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)。它通常涉及數(shù)據(jù)、時(shí)間、人稱、代詞的指代、動(dòng)作的行為的關(guān)聯(lián)、動(dòng)作行為者與承受者、地點(diǎn)和空間、表態(tài)方式、因果、條件、內(nèi)涵與外延等。如：

One day Mrs Wison went shopping with Tracy and Ben. They went to the supermarket in the new shopping center.

“Why do you buy things here?” Tracy wanted to know. “Because they are cheaper here than at the corner store near our home,” Mrs. Wilson said. “Help me check the prices, please.”

The Wilsons were not rich and Mrs. Wilson was always careful with her money. She looked carefully at the prices of things. She bought lots of things in the supermarket. When they got home, the children said, “We don’t think you saved money by going to the supermarket.” “Of course I did,” Mrs. Wilson said “Everything was cheaper there.”

“We know,” the children said, “but we came home by taxi because we had too much to carry. The taxi fare was more than the money that you saved !”

Mrs Wilson added everything up. Her children were right.

“Well done,” she said. “Next time we’ll do the shopping nearby.”

①The things at the corner store were ____ than those in the supermarket.

A. cheaper B. nicer C. more expensive D. Better

② Mrs. Wilson _________ in the end.

A. spent more money B. paid less money

C. lost some moneyD. saved a little money

這兩個(gè)問題都是細(xì)節(jié)性問題，但又不能直接從文章中得出答案，要經(jīng)過分析和計(jì)算間接地獲得事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)。①選C。由 Mrs. Wilson 的話“Because they are cheaper here than at the corner store near our home. ”分析可知the things at the corner store were more expensive.②選A。Mrs. Wilson 在超級(jí)市場(chǎng)買的東西是便宜的，但返回時(shí)由于東西多結(jié)果打的士回家將打的士的費(fèi)用攤進(jìn)去就高于節(jié)省的費(fèi)用了，因此可以知道：Mrs. Wilson spent more money in the end.

4. 擴(kuò)大英語閱讀量

目前初中英語教科書所提供的閱讀量較以前有較大幅度的增加，在題材、體裁的選取，功能與話題的設(shè)計(jì)方面均注意到多樣化和廣泛性;內(nèi)容貼近學(xué)生實(shí)際，教師可以立足教材閱讀材料指導(dǎo)和訓(xùn)練學(xué)生閱讀方法與技巧，教學(xué)語言知識(shí)和指導(dǎo)學(xué)生掌握句法、語法，擴(kuò)大詞匯量，培養(yǎng)閱讀興趣，幫助學(xué)生奠定一定的英語閱讀能力。但教材中的閱讀量離大綱和課標(biāo)要求的閱讀量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠。課標(biāo)五級(jí)閱讀要求規(guī)定：除教材外，課外閱讀量應(yīng)達(dá)到15萬字以上。因此教師要督促學(xué)生精讀泛讀結(jié)合，通過廣泛的閱讀不僅有利于學(xué)生擴(kuò)大詞匯量，豐富語言知識(shí)、開闊視野，開拓思路，還有利于了解英美等國的文化背景、生活風(fēng)俗、思維習(xí)慣及英語特有的語言表達(dá)方式，從而提高閱讀理解能力。

泛讀時(shí)，要求學(xué)生對(duì)閱讀材料中的各種語言現(xiàn)象不作全面精細(xì)認(rèn)真的分析，而是根據(jù)已掌握的語言知識(shí)盡快地獲取所需要的信息。

5. 強(qiáng)化閱讀訓(xùn)練

(1) 指定閱讀范圍：教師按學(xué)生的英語水平將其分成不同的組別，選擇與之相適應(yīng)的英語讀物(配有一定量的問題)，分別規(guī)定閱讀的范圍，要求他們課外自行安排時(shí)間，帶著問題快速閱讀，并規(guī)定一個(gè)較寬松的期限進(jìn)行檢查。

(2) 進(jìn)行閱讀指導(dǎo)：對(duì)學(xué)生閱讀過程中遇到的疑難，教師要及時(shí)答疑輔導(dǎo)，以幫助學(xué)生順利閱讀。但要注意從學(xué)法上多加以指導(dǎo)，幫助和引導(dǎo)他們自行分析和解決問題。

(3) 檢查閱讀效果：到了規(guī)定的閱讀期限教師可以通過口頭練習(xí)和筆試結(jié)合的方式分組檢查學(xué)生閱讀任務(wù)完成的情況。口頭練習(xí)以學(xué)生回答有關(guān)問題、講述閱讀文章的心得為主;筆試檢查要求學(xué)生完成正誤判斷題，選擇題，填空題等。

(4) 展示閱讀效果：利用英語課外活動(dòng)，通過開展書評(píng)、辯論會(huì)、演講會(huì)等活動(dòng)來展示不同組學(xué)生課外泛讀的成果。分A、B組評(píng)論讀物;討論讀物的人物特征、主要情節(jié)等，讓學(xué)生在寬松的氛圍中各抒己見，互相交流，從而促進(jìn)學(xué)生閱讀時(shí)積極思考，認(rèn)真閱讀，同時(shí)加深對(duì)讀物的理解，培養(yǎng)表達(dá)能力。

6. 加強(qiáng)評(píng)估指導(dǎo)

通過評(píng)估測(cè)試可以檢測(cè)學(xué)生閱讀理解實(shí)際能力與水平，可以摸清學(xué)生的強(qiáng)項(xiàng)與不足，從而為進(jìn)一步培養(yǎng)學(xué)生閱讀能力提供依據(jù)。教師要充分發(fā)揮閱讀測(cè)試的指揮棒作用。閱讀測(cè)試文章選材要廣泛多樣，篇幅要恰當(dāng)，難易要適中，從而確保閱讀測(cè)試的信度和效度;在題型設(shè)計(jì)上做到主觀性題型和客觀性題型兼顧，并針對(duì)學(xué)生平時(shí)閱讀中反映出來的重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)與疑點(diǎn)，避免題型過于單一以及偏題、怪題現(xiàn)象，更不能片面追求試題難度。客觀性測(cè)試題要能通過閱讀文章直接找到答案;主觀性測(cè)試題要能在閱讀短文后通過上下文，運(yùn)用聯(lián)想、比較、歸納、分析判斷文章的隱含意義。測(cè)試后要認(rèn)真進(jìn)行分析和總結(jié)，做到發(fā)現(xiàn)問題及時(shí)解決，以便進(jìn)一步提高。

（A）

 

With miles of beaches，sea and sunshine，Pattaya(芭堤雅) is one of the most popular places for visitors to Thailand.It provides many kinds of entertainment for both young people and the whole family.There is always something to do，any time，any weather，any day or night.

Orchid(蘭化) Farms are a worthwhile visit and if you are thinking of taking some of these beautiful plants home，visit a day or two before you leave to make sure that you will have live plants when you get back.You can also get great orchids in a sealed(密封) bottle that will last as long as your memory.

Pattaya Elephant Village is another place that you can not miss in Pattaya.It is a good place to learn and understand how elephants have been linked into Thai life and history over the centuries.You can also take an elephant trek there.Show time allows the elephants to display their skills，such as playing football.

You can also feed a tiger at the Sriracha Tiger Zoo(斯里拉差龍虎園).There you will learn more about tigers.You can take photos with them.You can also enjoy elephant and crocodile shows at the zoo.

根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，選擇最佳答案。

( ) 1.What is Pattaya famous for in Thailand?

A.Beaches.

B.Sea.

C.Sunshine.

D.All of the above.

( ) 2.Whenever you go to Pattaya，it can provide many kinds of entertainment for ________.

A.both young people and the whole family

B.both old people and the whole family

C.both young people and kids

D.both parents and kids

( ) 3.Where can you get beautiful orchids in Thailand?

A.Beaches.

B.Pattaya Elephant Village.

C.Orchid Farms.

D.The Sriracha Tiger Zoo.

( ) 4.Which animal do you see at the Sriracha Tiger Zoo?

A.Foxes. B.Elephants. C.Lions. D.Monkeys.

( ) 5.The passage mainly tells us ________.

A.Pattaya is one of the most popular places for visitors to Thailand

B.you must buy some beautiful orchids in Thailand

C.Pattaya Elephant Village is the only place that you can not miss in Pattaya

D.if you visit Thailand，you must visit the Sriracha Tiger Zoo

B

()

When my family moved to America in 2010 from a small village in Guangdong, China, we brought not only our luggage, but also our village rules, customs and culture. One of the rules is that young people should always respect(尊敬) elders. Unluckily, this rule led to my very first embarrassment in the United States.

I had a part-time job as a waiter in a Chinese restaurant. One time, when I was serving food to a middle-aged couple, the wife asked me how the food could be served so quickly. I told her that I had made sure they got their food quickly because I always respect the elderly. As soon as I said that, her face showed great displeasure. My manager, who happened to hear what I said, took me aside and gave me a long lecture about how sensitive(敏感) Americans are and how they dislike the description “old”. I then walked back to the table and apologized to the wife. After the couple heard my reason, they understood that the problem was caused by cultural differences, so they laughed and were no longer angry.

In my village in China, people are proud of being old. Not so many people live to be seventy or eighty, and people who reach such an age have the most knowledge and experience. Young people always respect older people because they know they can learn from their rich experience.

However, in the United States, people think “growing old” is a problem since “old” shows that a person is going to retire or that the body is not working well. Here many people try to keep themselves away from growing old by doing exercises or jogging, and women put on makeup, hoping to look young. When I told the couple in the restaurant that I respect the elderly, they got angry because this caused them to feel they had failed to stay young. I had told them something they didn’t want to hear.

After that, I changed the way I had been with older people. It is not that I don’t respect them any more; I still respect them, but now I don’t show my feelings through

words.

By Jack

根據(jù)以上短文內(nèi)容，然后從每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇最佳選項(xiàng)。

1. Jack brought the couple their food very fast because _______.

A. the manager asked him to do soB. he respected the elderly

C. the couple wanted him to do soD. he wanted more pay

2. When Jack called the couple “elderly”, they became _______.

A. nervousB. satisfiedC. unhappyD. excited

3. In Jack’s hometown, _______.

A. people dislike being called “old” B. people are proud of being old

C. many people reach the age of seventy or eighty

D. the elderly are the first to get food in restaurants

4. After this experience, Jack _______.

A. lost his job in the restaurantB. made friends with the couple

C. no longer respected the elderly D. changed his way with older people

5. Which of the following is TRUE?

A. The more Jack explained, the angrier the couple got.

B. Jack wanted to show his feelings through words after his experience.

C. The manager went back to the table and apologized to the couple.

D. From this experience, Jack learned more about American culture.

（C）

Jean is a bright young woman who comes from a rich and famous family. She goes to a good university and has everything that money can buy. Well, almost everything. The problem is that the people in Jean’s family are so busy that they can hardly find time to be with her. In fact, Jean is quite lonely.

So Jean spends a lot of time on her QQ. She likes being anonymous(匿名), talking to people who do not know about her famous family and her rich life. She uses the name Linda on QQ and has made a lot of friends who she keeps in touch with quite often.

Last year Jean made a very special friend on QQ. His name was David and lived in San Francisco. David was full of stories and jokes. He and Jean had a common(共同的) interest in rock music and modern dance. So it always took them hours to talk happily on QQ and sometimes they even forgot their time. Of course, they wanted to know more about each other. David sent a picture of himself: He was a tall, good-looking young man with a big, happy smile. As time went by, they became good friends and often sent cards and small things to each other.

When Jean’s father told her that he was going on a business trip to San Francisco, she asked him to let her go with him so that she could give David a surprise for his birthday. She would take him the latest DVD of their favorite rock singer. But when she knocked on David’s door in San Francisco, she found that her special friend was a twelve-year-old boy named Jim!

根據(jù)以上短文內(nèi)容，然后從每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇最佳選項(xiàng)。

1. Jean spends a lot of her time on QQ because she is _______.

A. rich B. famous C. young D. lonely

2. Jean thought “David” was special because he _______.

A. made her quite happy on QQB. was from San Francisco

C. sent her a picture of himselfD. was tall and good-looking

3. When Jean and “David” met and introduced themselves to each other, who felt surprised?

A. “David”.B. Both “David” and Jean.

C. Jean.D. Neither “David” nor Jean.

4. What’s the main idea of the passage?

A. Don’t believe those you get to know on QQ so easily.

B. People don’t use their real names on QQ so often.

C. Don’t go to meet those you get to know on QQ.

D. People should tell their real names to others on QQ.

 

（

D

Linda Evans was my best friend—like the sister I never had. We did everything together: piano lessons, movies, swimming, horseback riding.

When I was 13, my family moved away. Linda and I kept in touch through letters, and we saw each other on special time—like my wedding (婚禮) and Linda’s. Soon we were busy with children and moving to new homes, and we wrote less often. One day a card that I sent came back, stamped “Address (地址) Unknown. ” I had no idea how to find Linda.

Over the years, I missed Linda very much. I wanted to share (分享) happiness of my children and then grandchildren. And I needed to share my sadness when my brother and then mother died. There was an empty place in my heart that only a friend like Linda could fill.

One day I was reading a newspaper when I noticed a photo of a young woman who looked very much like Linda and whose last name was Wagman — Linda’s married name. “There must be thousands of Wagmans,” I thought, but J still wrote to her.

She called as soon as she got my letter. “Mrs Tobin!” she said excitedly, “Linda Evans Wagman is my mother. ”

Minutes later I heard a voice that I knew very much, even after 40 years, laughed and cried and caught up on each other’s lives. Now the empty place in my heart is filled. And there’s one thing that Linda and I know for sure: We won’t lose each other again!

根據(jù)以上短文內(nèi)容，然后從每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇最佳選項(xiàng)。

1. The writer went to piano lessons with Linda Evans _______.

A. at the age of 13 B. before she got married

C. after they moved to new homes D. before the writer’s family moved away

2. They didn’t often write to each other because they _______.

A. got marriedB. had little time to do so

C. didn’t like writing letters D. could see each other on special time

3. There was an empty place in the writer’s heart because she _______.

A. was in trouble B. didn’t know Linda’s address

C. received the card that she sent

D. didn’t have a friend like Linda to share her happiness or sadness

4. The writer was happy when she _______.

A. read the newspaper B. heard Linda’s voice on the phone

C. met a young woman who looked a lot like Linda

D. wrote to the woman whose last name was Wagman

5. They haven’t kept in touch _______.

A. for about 40 yearsB. for about 27 years

C. since they got married D. since the writer’s family moved away

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