賓語(yǔ)從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組，在句子中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)。該從句是中學(xué)階段的一個(gè)重要語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目，在歷年的高考中幾乎都涉及到，并且每年的命題各有變化。本文欲就歷屆高考試題涉及到該從句考查的焦點(diǎn)在此作以歸納，以期有助于同學(xué)們復(fù)習(xí)、備考。
一、考查賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序問(wèn)題。語(yǔ)序應(yīng)用陳述語(yǔ)序，且引導(dǎo)詞一定要在從句的最前面。
【考例】
①As soon as he comes back, I'll tell him when ______ and see him.(05北京)
A. you will come B. will you come C. you come D. do you come
②When changing lanes, a driver should use his turning signal to let other drivers know . (10上海)
A. he is entering which lane B. which lane he is entering
C. is he entering which lane D. which lane is he entering
【簡(jiǎn)析】①A。when引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，用陳述語(yǔ)序，且主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般將來(lái)時(shí)，所以從句該用什么時(shí)態(tài)就用什么時(shí)態(tài)，由語(yǔ)境可知，應(yīng)是將來(lái)時(shí)。同時(shí)注意when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。②B。which引導(dǎo)的句子做know的賓語(yǔ)，句子用陳述語(yǔ)序，引導(dǎo)詞位于從句句首。
二、考查賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞問(wèn)題。
(1)引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的有從屬連詞that, whether 和if;連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever, whoever等;連接副詞when, where, how, why等。選用何種連接詞主要根據(jù)①所選詞在從句中所作成分;②從句意判斷句中缺少的意項(xiàng)。
【考例】
①She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do_____it takes to save her life.(09湖南)
A. whichever B. however C. whatever D. whoever
②As a new diplomat, he often thinks of_____he can react more appropriately on such occasions. (09上海)
A. what B. which C. that D. how
③ I want to be liked and loved for I am inside. (10湖北)
A. who B. where C. what D. how
④ We haven’t discussed yet ______ we are going to place our new furniture. (10全國(guó)Ⅰ)
A. that B. which C. what D. where
【簡(jiǎn)析】①C。whichever“無(wú)論哪一個(gè)”; however“無(wú)論如何”; whoever“無(wú)論誰(shuí)”; whatever“無(wú)論什么”。由分析可知，該引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句，且從句中take缺少賓語(yǔ)，由句意“她對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)是非常寶貴，我們已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好做一切來(lái)拯救她的生命。”可知，應(yīng)用whatever。②D。句意為“作為一種新的外交官,他經(jīng)�？紤]他怎么能在那樣的場(chǎng)合反應(yīng)更恰當(dāng)。”很顯然，該賓語(yǔ)從句缺少一個(gè)表示“方式”的詞，故用how。③C。句意為“我想別人喜歡我是因?yàn)槲业膬?nèi)在。”也就是我inside的品質(zhì)。只有what可以指代是什么。很多同學(xué)誤選A，錯(cuò)誤的用中文語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣去做英文題。④D。由句意為“我們還沒有討論把我們的新家具放在哪里。”可知，動(dòng)詞discuss后的賓語(yǔ)從句缺少地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，故用where。
(2)賓語(yǔ)從句中注意下列幾組相似意思的區(qū)別。
考查引導(dǎo)詞whether與if的區(qū)別。兩者都表示“是否”，都可引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句;但如果賓語(yǔ)從句是否定句一般用if;下列情況用whether①作介詞賓語(yǔ);②后緊跟or not; ③作discuss等詞的賓語(yǔ)。
【考例】
①At first he hated the new job but decided to give himself a few months to see _____ it got any better.(09北京)
A. when B. h ow C. why D. if
②We haven't settled the question of ______ it is necessary for him to study abroad. (06江蘇)
A. if B. where C. whether D. that
【簡(jiǎn)析】①D。句意為“最初他不喜歡這件新工作，但是他決定給自己幾個(gè)月的時(shí)間來(lái)看一下這件工作是否會(huì)變得更好。”所以用if表“是否”，引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。②C。句意為“我們還沒有解決他是否有必要出國(guó)留學(xué)這個(gè)問(wèn)題。”此處是賓語(yǔ)從句，表“是否”，含有不確定，且作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，故用whether。
考查引導(dǎo)詞wh-與wh-ever的區(qū)別。“wh-ever”引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，其含有“無(wú)論……”之意，其引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句無(wú)疑問(wèn)意義，相當(dāng)于名詞或代詞加一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，而wh-多有疑問(wèn)之意。
【考例】
① Could I speak to_____ is in charge of International Sales please? (09海南)
A. who B. what C. whoever D. whatever
②- Could you do me a favour?
- It depends on ______ it is. (06北京)
A. which B. whichever C. what D. whatever
【簡(jiǎn)析】①C 。whoever引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句作了 to 的賓語(yǔ)，同時(shí)whoever作is in charge of International Sales please的主語(yǔ)。whoever意為“任何人或無(wú)論誰(shuí)”，相當(dāng)于any person who或the person who。②C。what引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)，意為“什么”，含有具體之事的意思。句意為“那取決于是什么”。
考查引導(dǎo)詞no matter+疑問(wèn)詞與疑問(wèn)詞+ever的區(qū)別。“no matter+疑問(wèn)詞”只能引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句;而“疑問(wèn)詞+ever”既可引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句，也可引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。
【考例】
①The book can be of help to _____ wants to do the job.(09陜西)
A. who B. whomever C. no matter who D. whoever
②Sarah hopes to become a friend of ______shares her interests. (95上海)
A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who
【簡(jiǎn)析】①D。此處從句作介詞to的賓語(yǔ)。引導(dǎo)詞做從句的主語(yǔ)，指人，意思是：無(wú)論是誰(shuí),no matter+疑問(wèn)詞不能引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。②C。此處從句作介詞of的賓語(yǔ)。no matter+疑問(wèn)詞不能引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，又因連接詞在從句作主語(yǔ)，所以用whoever,其相當(dāng)于anyone who。
IV.考查what與how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的區(qū)別。此時(shí)意為“多么”，what修飾“形容詞+名詞或a(an)+形容詞+名詞”，而how修飾“形容詞或副詞、many，little(少)，much, few等+名詞或形容詞+a(an)+名詞(單數(shù))”
【考例】
①I was surprised by her words , which made me recognize ____silly mistakes I had made.(05湖南)
A. what B. that C. how D. which.
②Parents are taught to understand ______ important education is to their children’s future.(04廣東)
A. that B. how C. such D. so
【簡(jiǎn)析】①A。句意為“我對(duì)她的話很吃驚，它迫使我承認(rèn)我犯了多么愚蠢的錯(cuò)誤。”賓語(yǔ)從句表感嘆，中心詞為名詞，所以用what。②B。句意為“使父母親明白教育對(duì)他們子女的未來(lái)來(lái)說(shuō)是多么地重要。”賓語(yǔ)從句表感嘆，中心詞為形容詞，所以用how
考查引導(dǎo)詞what與that的區(qū)別。what作連接代詞并表示“所……的”之意，相當(dāng)于the+名詞+that”或“all that”,可指代不確定的事物等，在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)等。that在從句中只起連接作用，不充當(dāng)任何成分，翻譯中，不譯。
[典型考題]
①(10山東)Before the sales start, I make a list of ______ my kids will need for the coming season.
A. why B. what C. how D. which
②(10北京)Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was __ it was rather closely modeled on his own life.
A. what B. that C. why D. whether
【解析】①:B。句意應(yīng)為：在大甩賣開始前，我把孩子們?cè)谙聜�(gè)季節(jié)里要用到的東西列了一個(gè)清單。分析句式結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處在句中引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句且在從句中充當(dāng)need的賓語(yǔ)。which 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)多表示疑問(wèn)且要有一個(gè)明確的范圍。②B。句意應(yīng)為：狄更斯喜歡他自己的小說(shuō)大衛(wèi)科波菲爾的部分原因是小說(shuō)創(chuàng)作非常貼近他本人的真實(shí)生活。表語(yǔ)從句不缺成分，因此用that來(lái)引導(dǎo)。
三、考查賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題
①當(dāng)主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)不受主句謂語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)的影響，可根據(jù)句子的實(shí)際情況使用不同的時(shí)態(tài)。②當(dāng)主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去時(shí)，從句的時(shí)態(tài)也是表示過(guò)去的時(shí)態(tài)。既一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)。③當(dāng)從句表示客觀事實(shí)或真理時(shí)，其時(shí)態(tài)不受主句謂語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)的影響，而用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
【考例】
①I was out of town at the time, so I don’t know exactly how it _______. (09山東)Ks5u
A. was happening B. happened C. happens D. has happened
②She stared at the painting, wondering where she ______it.(09重慶)
A. saw B. has seen C. sees D. had seen
【簡(jiǎn)析】①B。本題考查具體語(yǔ)境中的時(shí)態(tài)，后一句隱藏的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是at the time;又因?yàn)橹骶渲械闹^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)。故從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。②D。本題也是考查具體語(yǔ)境中的時(shí)態(tài)，因wondering是stared的伴隨狀語(yǔ)，故表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作，又因see發(fā)生在wondering之前，即過(guò)去的過(guò)去，因此用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。③D。
四、考查賓語(yǔ)從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣問(wèn)題
(1)在表示堅(jiān)持要求(insist)，命令(order,demand)，建議(suggest,,advise,propose),要求(ask,requre,demand,request)等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣“(should) +do”。(2)用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，賓補(bǔ)是：necessary,important,strange,desirable,advisable,requested,vital,urgent,possible等時(shí)，后置的賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣“(should) +do”。(3) wish 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句表虛擬語(yǔ)氣時(shí)，如果從句表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，用過(guò)去完成時(shí);指現(xiàn)在狀態(tài)，則用過(guò)去時(shí)(be動(dòng)詞只用were形式);指將來(lái)，用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。(4)would rather引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句表虛擬語(yǔ)氣時(shí), 如果從句表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，用過(guò)去完成時(shí);指將來(lái)或現(xiàn)在動(dòng)作，則用過(guò)去時(shí)(be動(dòng)詞只用were形式)
【考例】
①____ be sent to work there? (02上海)
A. Who do you suggest B. Who do you suggest that should
C. Do you suggest who should D. Do you suggest whom should
②George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I’d rather he_______ more on its culture. (10江蘇)
A. focus B. focused C. would focus D. had focused
③-Don't you think it necessary that he _______ to Miami but to New York?
-I agree, but the problem is ________ he has refused to. (05江蘇)
A. will not be sent; that B. not be sent; that
C. should not be sent; what D. should not send; what
【簡(jiǎn)析】①A。特殊疑問(wèn)句的疑問(wèn)詞應(yīng)置于句首，又suggest(建議)后的賓語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣(should+動(dòng)詞原形)，且should可省略。②A。would rather后應(yīng)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示與現(xiàn)在時(shí)間相反，用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式。③B。it作形式賓語(yǔ)，that引導(dǎo)的從句作真正的賓語(yǔ)，necessary作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”，又因此從句主語(yǔ)與動(dòng)詞send是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用(should) not be sent;第二空的引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)的是表語(yǔ)從句，從句有用省略結(jié)構(gòu)，其完整結(jié)構(gòu)是“he has refused to be sent to New York”,由完整結(jié)構(gòu)可知，該從句不缺成分，故用that。
五、考查名詞性從句it作形式賓語(yǔ)問(wèn)題
①賓語(yǔ)從句+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)為了保持句子平衡，常用it作形式賓語(yǔ),把真正的賓語(yǔ)從句置于句末，常見的it作形式賓語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有believe,find,make,guess,suppose等。②某些及物動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)不能直接加賓語(yǔ)從句，此時(shí)用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，然后再接賓語(yǔ)從句，此種用法常見于like,dislike,hate,appreciate等。
【考例】
①He didn’t make _____ clear when and where the meeting would be held. (07天津)
A. this B. that C. it D. these
②I’d appreciate ____ if you would like to teach me how to use the computer. (06山東)
A. that B. it C. this D. you
【簡(jiǎn)析】①C。此題考查的是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后加賓語(yǔ)的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，clear是賓補(bǔ)，when and where the meeting would be held.是真正的賓語(yǔ)，并置于賓補(bǔ)之后，故用it作形式賓語(yǔ)。②B。if you would like to teach me how to use the computer是賓語(yǔ)從句，作appreciate的賓語(yǔ)，該種情況常用it作形式賓語(yǔ)。
六、考查賓語(yǔ)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移和該情況下的反意疑問(wèn)句問(wèn)題
主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是think,believe,suppose,imagine,consider,expect,guess ,be sure等，且主句的主語(yǔ)是第一人稱并為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句的否定一般要轉(zhuǎn)移到主句上來(lái)，其反意疑問(wèn)句一般與賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)保持一致。
【考例】
①I don't suppose anyone will volunteer _____?(01上海)
A. do I B. don't I C. will they D. won't they
②I' m sure you' d rather she went to school by bus, _____? (06福建)
A. hadn't you B. wouldn't you C. aren't I D. didn't she
【簡(jiǎn)析】①C。由主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是suppose，主句主語(yǔ)是第一人稱并為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可知，反意疑問(wèn)句應(yīng)對(duì)賓語(yǔ)從句反問(wèn)，再者don't實(shí)際上是對(duì)賓語(yǔ)從句的否定，故反問(wèn)應(yīng)用肯定，即will they。②B。反意疑問(wèn)句應(yīng)對(duì)I' m sure后的賓語(yǔ)從句的反問(wèn)，又you' d等于you would，故用wouldn't you。
七、考查that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的是否省略問(wèn)題
一般來(lái)講，賓語(yǔ)從句中的that可以省略，但下列情況一般不省略：①當(dāng)一個(gè)句子有兩個(gè)或多個(gè)并列的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，引導(dǎo)第二個(gè)和以后幾個(gè)從句的that不可省;②由it作形式賓語(yǔ);③當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句是雙賓語(yǔ)中的直接賓語(yǔ)時(shí);④當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或從句時(shí);⑤當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)從句之間有插入語(yǔ)時(shí);⑥當(dāng)某些介詞后接that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，常見的有in that(由于)，except that(除了)等。
【考例】
①Having checked the doors were closed , and ______ all the lights were off, the boy opened the door to his bedroom.(07湖南)
A. why B. that C. when D. where
②Animals suffered at the hands of Man ___ they were destroyed by people to make way for agricultural had to provide food for more people.(08江西)
A. in which B. for which C. so that D. in that
③I know nothing about the young lady_____she is from Beijing.(00上海)
A.except B.except for C.except that D.besides
【簡(jiǎn)析】①B。由and可知，the doors were closed和all the lights were off是并列作check的賓語(yǔ)，且從句意思完整。當(dāng)一個(gè)句子有兩個(gè)或多個(gè)并列的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，引導(dǎo)第二個(gè)和以后幾個(gè)從句的that不可省，故用that。②D。該句大意是“動(dòng)物遭受人類的控制，因?yàn)槿祟悶榱说玫礁嗟霓r(nóng)產(chǎn)品供更多的人消費(fèi)，破壞動(dòng)物的生存環(huán)境以得到更多的土地。”in that 相當(dāng)于because。③C�？蘸竺媸遣蝗背煞值膹木�，且與nothing連用，故用except that 該句意為“關(guān)于這位年輕的女士，我只知道她來(lái)自上海。”
八、考查賓語(yǔ)從句存在插入語(yǔ)時(shí)的問(wèn)題。
此時(shí)多考查的是連接詞的選用、位置和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式及從句語(yǔ)序。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，連接詞應(yīng)置于插入語(yǔ)之前;特殊疑問(wèn)句形式是插入語(yǔ)用部分倒裝，從句用陳述語(yǔ)序;做選擇題時(shí)，把插入語(yǔ)去掉進(jìn)行判斷。
【考例】
①M(fèi)um is coming. What present ______ for your birthday?(05福建)
A.you expect she has got B.you expect has she got
C.do you expect she has got D.do you expect has she got
②The companies are working together to create _____ they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century. (08北京)
A. which B. that C. what D. who
【簡(jiǎn)析】①C。you expect是插入語(yǔ)，在特殊疑問(wèn)句插入語(yǔ)部分倒裝，賓語(yǔ)從句用陳述語(yǔ)序。②C。create后是賓語(yǔ)從句，其中they hope是插入語(yǔ)，把該插入語(yǔ)去掉后，可以看出該從句缺少主語(yǔ)，根據(jù)題意應(yīng)用what。
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